Sunday, April 28, 2013

The Right to Keep and Bear Arms After the Civil War

    The eleven Confederate states that had participated in armed rebellion were; Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Also aligned with the Confederacy was the new Confederate Territory of Arizona. There were efforts to secede in Maryland, which was halted by martial law. While Delaware, though internally divided, did not attempt to secede. A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia formed the new state of West Virginia. Which became a new state in the Union on June 20, 1863.

The Confederate Constitution had secured the Right of the People to keep and bear arms the same way the U.S. Constitution had. To Wit:

“Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861

“Preamble

“We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America.

“Article I

“Section 9

“(13) A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed....”



    Now one would naturally assume that after having participated in the felonious act of Treason. That those that had participated in open rebellion would have not only been disarmed. But would have been prevented from keeping and bearing arms in the future. But obviously our Federal government at that time respected and adhered to the Constitutional restriction; “the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed”. As is clearly evidenced by the following:

After the Civil War, the states which had participated in rebellion adopted new Constitutions. Which were done under the supervision of the military at the direction of the U.S. Congress. ALL of which contained the individual Right to keep and bear arms. To Wit:

CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA

AS REVISED AND AMENDED BY THE CONVENTION ASSEMBLED AT MONTGOMERY ON THE FIFTH DAY OF NOVEMBER, A. D. 1867.

PREAMBLE.

WE, The People of the State of Alabama, by our Representatives in Convention assembled, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and to our posterity the rights of life, liberty, and property, invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish the following constitution and form of government for the State of Alabama:
ARTICLE I.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, WE DECLARE:

Section 1. That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Section 2. That all persons resident in this state, born in the United States, or naturalized, or who shall have legally declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, are hereby declared citizens of the State of Alabama, possessing equal civil and political rights and public privileges.

Section 3. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, therefore, they have, at all times, an inherent right to change their form of government, in such manner as they may deem expedient.

Section 4. That no person shall be deprived of the right to worship-God according to the dictates of his own conscience....
Section 28. That every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence of himself and the state.



Arizona Constitution

Preamble

We the people of the State of Arizona, grateful to Almighty God for our liberties, do
ordain this Constitution.

ARTICLE II. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

1. Fundamental principles; recurrence to
Section 1. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is essential to the security of individual rights and the perpetuity of free government.
2. Political power; purpose of government
Section 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, and are established to protect and maintain individual rights.

Article II

26. Bearing arms

Section 26. The right of the individual citizen to bear arms in defense of himself or the state shall not be impaired, but nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing individuals or corporations to organize, maintain, or employ an armed body of men.



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS AS ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION FEBRUARY 11th 1868

Preamble

We the people of Arkansas grateful to God for our civil Preamble and religious liberty and desiring to perpetuate its blessings and secure the same to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution

ARTICLE I

Bill of Rights

Section Five. The citizens of this State shall have the right to keep and bear arms for their common defense.




Florida Constitution of 1865:
__________

CONSTITUTION OR FORM OF GOVERNMENT

for the

PEOPLE OF FLORIDA
__________

We, the People of the State of Florida, by our delegates in Convention assembled, in the city of Tallahassee, on the 25th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1865, and of the Independence of the United States the 90th year, in order to secure to ourselves and our posterity the enjoyment of all the rights of life, liberty and property, and the pursuit of happiness, do mutually agree, each with the other, to form the following Constitution and form of Government in and for the said State.
__________

ARTICLE I.

Declaration of Rights.

That the great and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare:

Section 1. That all freemen when they form a government, have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty; of acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness.

Section 2. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and established for their benefit; and therefore they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to alter or abolish their form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient.

Section 3. That all men have a natural and inalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience, and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship in this State.

In 1868 Florida amended their Constitution to include:

1868: "The people shall have the right to bear arms in defence of themselves and of the lawful authority of the State." Art. I, § 22.



GEORGIA CONSTITUTION OF 1865

Preamble

PREAMBLE

We, the people of the State of Georgia, in order to form a permanent Government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, acknowledging and invoking the guidance of Almighty God, the author of all good government, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the State of Georgia.

ARTICLE I

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

4. A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.



December 8, 1879 - Louisiana

CONSTITUTION

PREAMBLE

We the people of the State of Louisiana in order to establish justice insure domestic tranquillity promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity acknowledging and invoking the guidance of Almighty God the author of all good government do ordain and establish this constitution.

BILL OF RIGHTS

Article 1. All government of right originates with the people is founded on their will alone and is instituted solely for the good of the whole deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed. Its only legitimate end is to protect the citizen in the enjoyment of life liberty and property. When it assumes other functions it is usurpation and oppression.
Art. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons houses papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized
Art. 3 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged. This shall not prevent the passage of laws to punish those who carry weapons concealed.



The 1868 Constitution of the State of Mississippi
Adopted in Convention 15th day of May, A. D. 1868, and Ratified by the People 1st day of December, A. D. 1869.
To the end that justice be established, public order maintained, and liberty perpetuated, we, the people of the State of Mississippi, grateful to Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form of government, do ordain this Constitution:
ARTICLE I. - Bill of Rights

Sec. 15. All persons shall have a right to keep and bear arms for their defence.


CONSTITUTION 0F NORTH CAROLINA

CHAPTER I

PREAMBLE
We the people of the State of North Carolina grateful to Almighty God the Sovereign Ruler of Nations for preservation of the American Union and the existence our civil political and religious liberties and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the continuance of blessings to us and our posterity do for the more security thereof and for the better government of this State ordain and establish this Constitution.

ARTICLE I
DECLARATION OF EIGHTS

That the great general and essential principles of and free government may be recognized and established and that the relations of this State to the Union and government of the United States and those of the people of State to the rest of the American people may be and affirmed we do declare

Section 1. That we hold it to be self evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor and the pursuit of happiness...

Sec. 24. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; and as standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up and the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.



The Constitution

of the

State of

South Carolina

Adopted April 16, 1868,

Constitution

We, the People of the State of South Carolina, in Convention – assembled, Grateful to Almighty God for this opportunity, deliberately and peaceably of entering into a explicit and solemn compact with each other, and forming a new Constitution of civil Government for ourselves and posterity, recognizing the necessity of the protection of the people in all that pertains to their freedom, safety and tranquility, and imploring the direction of the Great Legislator of the Universe, do agree upon, - ordain and establish the following Declaration of the Rights and Form of Government as the - Constitution of the Commonwealth of South Carolina.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT AS THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF SOUTH CAROLINA

Article 1

Declaration of Rights.

Section 1. All men are born free and equal – endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are the rights of enjoying and – defending their lives and liberties, of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness...

Section 28. The people have a right to keep and bear arms for common defence. As in times of peace armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the General Assembly. The military power ought always to be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it.


CONSTITUTION OF THE
STATE OF TENNESSEE
ADOPTED IN CONVENTION
AT NASHVILLE,
FEBRUARY 23RD A.D. 1870.

PREAMBLE AND

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

Whereas, The people of the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio, having the right of admission into the General Government as a member State thereof, consistent with the Constitution of the United States, and the act of Cession of the State of North Carolina, recognizing the ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States north west of the Ohio River, by their Delegates and Representatives in Convention assembled, did on the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-six, ordain and establish a Constitution, or form of government, and mutually agreed with each other to form themselves into a free and independent State by the name of the State of Tennessee, and,

Whereas, The General Assembly of the said State of Tennessee, (pursuant to the third section of the tenth article of the Constitution,) by an act passed on the Twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, entitled, “An Act” to provide for the calling of a Convention, passed in obedience to the declared will of the voters of the State, as expressed at the general election of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, did authorize and provide for the election by the people of delegates and representatives, to meet at Nashville, in Davidson County, on the third Monday in May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, for the purpose of revising and amending, or changing, the Constitution, and said Convention did accordingly meet and form a Constitution, which was submitted to the people, and was ratified by them, on the first Friday in March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-five; and,

Whereas, The General Assembly of said State of Tennessee, under and in virtue of the first section of the first article of the declaration of Rights, contained in and forming a part of the existing Constitution of the State, by an act passed on the fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, did provide for the calling of a Convention by the people of the State, to meet at Nashville, on the second Monday in January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and for the election of delegates for the purpose of amending or revising the present Constitution, or forming and making a new Constitution; and,

Whereas, The people of the State, in the mode provided by said Act, have called said Convention, and elected Delegates to represent them therein; Now, therefore,

We, the Delegates and Representatives of the people of the State of Tennessee, duly elected, and in Convention assembled, in pursuance of said Act of Assembly, have ordained and established the following Constitution and form of government for this State, which we recommend to the people of Tennessee for their ratification: That is to say -

ARTICLE I.

Declaration of Rights.

Section 1. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness; for the advancement of those ends they have at all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish the government in such manner as they may think proper.

Section 2. That government being instituted for the common benefit, the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.

Section 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any minister against his consent; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience; and that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishment or mode of worship.

Section 4. That no political or religious test, other than an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of this State, shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this state....

Section 26. That the citizens of this State have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defense; but the Legislature shall have power, by law, to regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime.


CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF TEXAS.

PREAMBLE.


WE, THE PEOPLE OF TEXAS, acknowledging with gratitude the grace of God, in permitting us to make a choice of our form of government, do hereby ordain and establish this Constitution:

ARTICLE I.

BILL OF RIGHTS.

That the heresies of nullification and secession, which brought the country to grief, may be eliminated from future political discussion; that public order may be restored, private property and human life protected; and the great principles of liberty and equality secured to us and our posterity, We declare that:

SECTION I. The Constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made, and to be made, in pursuance thereof, are acknowledged to be the supreme law; that this Constitution is framed in harmony with, and in subordination thereto; and that the fundamental principles embodied herein can only be changed, subject to the national authority.

SECTION II. All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights; and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges.

SECTION III. No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office of public trust in this State.

SECTION IV. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship; or to maintain any ministry against his consent. No human authority ought, in any case whatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience in matters of religion; and no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious societies or mode of worship. But it shall be the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may be necessary to protect every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of their own mode of public worship....

SECTION XIII. Every person shall have the right to keep and bear arms, in the lawful defence of himself or the State, under such regulations as the Legislature may prescribe.


The Constitution of Virginia of 1872

We, therefore, the delegates of the good people of Virginia, elected and in convention assembled, in pursuance of said acts, invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do propose to the people the following constitution and form of government for this commonwealth:

ARTICLE 1.

BILL OF RIGHTS.

A Declaration of Rights, made by the Representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free Convention, which rights do pertain to them and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of Government.

1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have, certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, byany compact, deprive or divest their posterity, namely: the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing andobtaining happiness and safety....

15. That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people trained to arms,is the proper, national and safe defense of a free state; that standing armies, in timeof peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the militaryshould be under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power.



   Interesting, isn't it? After the death of around 750,000 Americans. The Federal government, when allowing the former rebellious states to form their own Constitutions again. Would insist that the right of the people to keep and bear arms be inserted in EVERY Constitution. Even after having been guilty of the felonious act of High Treason.

Which begs the question; from whence did the Federal government get the authority to have the current 'gun control laws' on the books? Especially after considering the fact that “the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed”.

In fact, the Federal government even enforced the 2nd amendment secured right in at least two of the former states in rebellion. An example of one of those states follows. To Wit:

Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States South Carolina Volume 3 1872
Start Page 1615

Circuit Court of the United States
1871

U.S. Circuit Judge Hon. H.L. Bond of Maryland
U.S. District Judge Hon. George S. Bryan of South Carolina

U.S. District Attorney D.T. Corbin
Solomon L. Hoge, esq., Associate Counsel

Henry Stanberry, Attorney for the defense
Reverdy Johnson, Attorney for the defense

Pg. 1670 -

Mr. Corbin. No sir; the question has not been raised at all--the right to keep and bear
arms. There was no such allegation in any indictment before the court.
Judge Bryan. I think not.
Mr. Corbin. You are thinking of unreasonable searches and seizures.
Mr. Stanbery. And you think the right to keep and bear arms is secured by the Constituion?
Mr. Corbin. We do, and propose to fight on it to the last....”
“...Now, the attempt is made to substitute for this purpose of the Klan, and the killing of colored parties, but on the only charge of this indictment of seeking to deprive Jim Williams of his right to bear arms, and killing him because he insisted upon that right.

And here was the United States governments response to the above:

The following message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Porter, his secretary:
To the Senate and House of Representatives:
...There has been imposed upon the Executive branch of the Government the execution of the act of Congress approved April 20, 1871, and commonly known as the Ku-Klux law, in a portion of the State of South Carolina. The necessity of the course pursued will be demonstrated by the report of the Committee to Investigate Southern Outrages. Under the provisions of the above act, I issued a proclamation calling the attention of the people of the United States to the same, and declaring my reluctance to exercise any of the extraordinary powers thereby conferred upon me, except in case of imperative necessity, but making known my purpose to exercise such powers whenever it should become necessary to do so for the purpose of securing to all citizens of the United States the peaceful enjoyment of the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution and the laws.”
After the passage of this law, information was received, from time to time, that combinations of the character referred to in this law existed, and were powerful in many parts of the Southern States, particularly in certain counties in the State of South Carolina.”
Careful investigation was made, and it was ascertained that, in nine counties of that State, such combinations were active and powerful, embracing a sufficient portion of the citizens to control the local authority, and having, among other things, the object of depriving the emancipated class of the substantial benefits of freedom, and of preventing the free political action of those citizens who did not sympathize with their own views. Among their operations were frequent scourgings and occasional assassinations, generally perpetrated at night by disguised persons, the victims in almost all cases being citizens of different political sentiments from their own, or freed persons who had shown a disposition to claim equal rights with other citizens. Thousands of inoffensive and well-disposed citizens were the sufferers by this lawless violence.”
Thereupon, on the 12th of October, 1871, a proclamation was issued, in terms of the law, calling upon the members of those combinations to disperse within five days, and to deliver to the marshal or military officers of the United States all arms, ammunition, uniforms, disguises, and other means and implements used by them for carrying out their unlawful purposes.”
This warning not having been heeded, on the 17th of October another proclamation was issued, suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in nine counties in that State.”
Direction was given that, within the counties so designated, persons supposed, upon creditable information, to be members of such unlawful combinations should be arrested by the military forces of the United States, and delivered to the marshal, to be dealt with according to law. In two of said counties, York and Spartanburgh, many arrests have been made. At the last account, the number of persons thus arrested was one hundred and sixty-eight. Several hundred, whose criminality was ascertained to be of an inferior degree, were released for the present. These have generally made confessions of their guilt.”
Great caution has been exercised in making these arrests, and, notwithstanding the large number, it is believed that no innocent person is now in custody. The prisoners will be held for regular trial in the judicial tribunals of the United States.”
As soon as it appeared that the authorities of the United States were about to take vigorous measures to enforce the law, many persons absconded, and there is good ground for supposing that all of such persons have violated the law. A full report of what has been done under this law will be submitted to Congress by the Attorney General.”
In Utah there still remains a remnant of barbarism, repugnant to civilization, to decency, and to the laws of the United States. Territorial officers, however, have been found who are willing to perform their duty in a spirit of equity and with a due sense of the necessity of sustaining the majesty of the law. Neither polygamy nor any other violation of existing statutes will be permitted within the territory of the United States. It is not with the religion of the self-styled Saints that we are now dealing, but with their practices. They will be protected in the worship of God according to the dictates of their consciences, but they will not be permitted to violate the laws under the cloak of religion...”.
**********
Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States,
FRIDAY, April 19, 1872.
A message was received from the President of the United States, by Mr. Porter, his private secretary; which was handed in at the Speaker's table.
Subsequently,
The Speaker laid the said message before the House, as follows, viz:
To the House of Representatives:
In answer to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 25th of January last, I have the honor to submit the following, accompanied by the report of the Attorney General, to whom the resolution was referred:
Representations having been made to me that in certain portions of South Carolina a condition of lawlessness and terror existed, I requested the then Attorney General Akerman to visit that State, and after personal examination to report to me the facts in relation to the subject.
On the 16th of October last he addressed me a communication from South Carolina, in which he stated that in the counties of Spartanburgh, York, Chester, Union, Laurens, Newberry, Fairfield, Lancaster, and Chesterfield there were combinations for the purpose of preventing the free political action of citizens who were friendly to the Constitution and the Government of the United States, and of depriving emancipated classes of the equal protection of the laws.
"These combinations embrace at least two-thirds of the active white men of those counties, and have the sympathy and countenance of a majority of the one-third. They are connected with similar combinations in other counties and States, and no doubt are part of a grand system of criminal associations pervading most of the Southern States. The members are bound to obedience and secrecy by oaths which they are taught to regard as of higher obligation than the lawful oaths taken before civil magistrates.
"They are organized and armed. They effect their objects by personal violence, often extending to murder. They terrify witnesses: they control juries in the State courts, and sometimes in the courts of the United States. Systematic perjury is one of the means by which prosecutions of the members are defeated. From information given by officers of the State and of the United States and by credible private citizens, I am justified in affirming that the instances of criminal violence perpetrated by these combinations within the last twelve months in the above-named counties could be reckoned by thousands."
I received information of a similar import from various other sources, among which were the Joint Select Committee of Congress upon Southern Outrages, the officers of the State, the military officers of the United States on duty in South Carolina, the United States attorney and marshal, and other civil officers of the Government, repentant and abjuring members of those unlawful organizations, persons specially employed by the Department of Justice to detect crimes against the United State, and from other credible persons.
Most, if not all, of this information, except what I derived from the Attorney General, came to me orally, and was to the effect that said counties were under the sway of powerful combination, properly known as "Ku-Klux Klan," the objects of which were, by force and terror, to prevent all political action not in accord with the views of the members, to deprive colored citizens of the right to bear arms, and of the right to a free ballot; to suppress schools in which colored children were taught, and to reduce the colored people to a condition closely akin to that of slavery; that these combinations were organized and armed and had rendered the local laws ineffectual to protect the classes whom they desired to oppress; that they had perpetrated many murder, and hundreds of crimes of minor degree, all of which were unpunished; and that witnesses could not safely testify against them unless the more active members were placed under restraint.
U. S. GRANT.
Executive Mansion, April 19, 1872.
The same having been read,
On motion of Mr. Dickey,
Ordered, That it be referred to the Joint Select Committee on the Insurrectionary States and printed.

And here was the law the President Grant was enforcing:

Amendment XIV
Section 1.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

    Now why would the Federal government pass laws, as well as the 14th Amendment. Which were intended to secure the right of the whole people to keep and bear arms. And then turn around a number of decades later. And pass laws which directly conflict with what had been done previously? Are they not Constitutionally FORBIDDEN from doing any such thing? Are they not hypocrites and outright liars? Have they not committed direct violations of We The People's rights? How did our hired servants get the power to tell their lawful masters what to do? Were they not bound by our Constitution from doing any such thing? Are they not guilty of tyrannical usurpation, as well as treason? It can reasonably be asserted that they indeed are guilty. And that includes every branch of our Federal government. For they were intended to act as checks and balances on each other. Yet they have combined in a conspiracy to deprive We The People of our rights. This perversion on the part of our Federal, (and many state governments), must CEASE immediately.

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