“This is but the conservative right to self-defence–a right possessed by individuals, independent of all constitutions, and in defiance of all human laws...."

  “This is but the conservative right to self-defence–a right possessed by individuals, independent of all constitutions, and in defiance of all human laws. Self-Defence is “the first law of nature, and of nature’s God;” and I hold, sir, that it is not less the right and duty of individuals, assembled for lawful public objects. and for the performance of public duties, than of every private citizen, to effectuate those objects, and to defend themselves against every aggressor.”–Mr. Beardsley, of New York, U.S. House of Representatives, May 9, 1832 [Register of Debates, House of Representatives, 22nd Congress, 1st Session Part II. Of Vol. VIII. Washington: Printed And Published By Gales & Seaton. 1833. Pg. 2910]