U.S. Supreme Court
ROWE v. U S, 164 U.S. 546 (1896)
164 U.S. 546
ROWE
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 439.
v.
UNITED STATES.
No. 439.
November 30, 1896.
This is an indictment for
murder, alleged to have been committed by the plaintiff in error, in the
Cherokee Nation, Ind. T., on the 30th day of March, 1895; the person
killed, Frank Bozeman, being a white man, and not an Indian. The verdict
was guilty of manslaughter, and, a motion for new trial having been
overruled, the accused was sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary
at Columbus, Ohio, for the term of five years, and to pay to the United
States a fine of $500.
We extract from the record the following agreed statement as to the evidence:
- 'The testimony on the
part of the government tended to show: That on the evening of the 30th
of March, 1895, the defendant, David Cul Rowe, who is a Cherokee Indian,
and the deceased, Frank Bozeman, a white man, a citizen of the United States,
and not an Indian, met at an hotel at Pryor's Creek, Ind. T., at the
supper table. That the defendant appeared to be drinking, but was not
much intoxicated. That defendant said that he had his gun, and that he had a right to carry it, as he was a 'traveler.' That he had made a gun play
in that town on one occasion, and he would make another one. That he
said to deceased, 'What do you think of that?' The deceased did not
reply, and defendant said to him, 'God damn you, I'll make you hide out,
or I'll make you talk to me.' That in a short time deceased got through
his supper, and walked out into the office of the hotel, and presently
defendant came out of the dining room. That defendant said something to
deceased, which was not understood by the witnesses, but the deceased
did not answer. That defendant turned to some other parties present, and
said, 'He [meaning deceased] will not talk to me.' That one of the
parties addressed said to defendant. 'Talk Cherokee to him.' That the
deceased then said, 'He has got too damn much nigger blood in him to
talk anything with any sense.' That defendant then kicked at deceased,
hitting him lightly on the lower part of the leg. That immediately
deceased sprang at defendant, striking him with a knife,
and cutting him in two places on the face. That, after deceased began
cutting defendant, the [Page 164 U.S. 546, 548] latter drew his pistol, and fired, shooting
deceased through the body. That, at the time the defendant fired, the
two men were in striking distance of one another. The shot struck
deceased in the right arm, near the elbow, and ranged through the body
from right to left side. That, when shot was fired, deceased ran, and,
when defendant turned round, the blood was streaming from his face,
where he had been cut by deceased, and he said to the bystanders to go
for a doctor, that he was killed. That, a short time after the
difficulty, the knife used by deceased on defendant was found near the
place where the the trouble occurred. That a knife was also found on the
person of deceased after his death.
- 'The testimony on the part of the defense
tended to show that, on the day of the difficulty, defendant came into
town from his home. about 20 miles distant, with his wife, to do some
shopping; that he brought his pistol with him, and left it at the livery stable, where he put up his team, and at supper time went by the stable and got his pistol,
fearing that it might be stolen; that defendant did not have anything
to say to deceased in the dining-room, but was talking with the father
of the deceased, and that defendant was not intoxicated; that, when
defendant came out in the office, deceased used the language indicated
in the statement for the government, or words to that effect, and
defendant kicked at him, and probably struck him lightly; that, when
defendant kicked, he stepped back, and leaned up against the counter,
and deceased sprang at him, and began cutting him with a knife;
that deceased cut him in the face, and kept on striking at him with the
knife, and, after he was cut in the face, defendant drew his pistol, and fired at deceased, who was in the act of striking him again with the knife. The foregoing is, in substance, the statement of the defendant, who testified in his own behalf.
- 'Proof was also offered tending to show that the reputation of the deceased as a dangerous
and lawless man was bad, that the reputation of the defendant as a
peaceable and law-abiding man was good, and that the reputation of
prosecuting witness Thomas Boseman was bad for truth in the communities
where he had resided.'
[Page 164 U.S. 546, 549]
The court delivered an oral charge, occupying 27 pages of the printed record, and embracing a discussion of most of the leading principles in criminal law, as well as many extracts from adjudged cases and elementary treatises.
- 'A man might be to some extent in the wrong, and yet he might avail himself of the law of self-defense; but what is meant by his being in the lawful pursuit of his business means that he is not himself attempting
to kill, or that he is not doing an act which may directly and
immediately produce a deadly affray between himself and his adversary.
He is not allowed to do either. The only time when he can do an act of
that kind is when the condition exists which gives him the right to
invoke this law. I say, if he is attempting directly to kill, he is not
in the lawful pursuit of his business unless it is in his own defense
under this law; and, when he is doing a wrongful act which immediately
contributes to the result,- brings into existence an affray in which
violence may be used by the adversary and he may kill because of that
violence,-when that is the case, the law says he is so far the author of
that violent condition as that he cannot invoke this law of
self-defense; and it depends upon the circumstances and conditions of
the case whether or not he can invoke the law so far as to have his
crime mitigated from murder to manslaughter. Then, when he is in the
lawful pursuit of his business,-that is, when he is occupying the
relation to the state of case where the killing occurred which I have
named,-and then is attacked by another, under circumstances which denote
an intention to take away his life, or to do him some enormous bodily
harm, he may lawfully kill the assailant, provided he use all the means
in his power otherwise to save his own life, or prevent the intended
harm, such as retreating as far as he can, or disabling his adversary
without killing him, if it be in his power. Now, let us go over that
again, and see what these propositions are. He must be measurably in the
right,-and I have defined to you what that means,-and, when he is so
situated, he is attacked, in this case, by Frank Bozeman, the man who
[Page 164 U.S. 546, 550] was killed, and attacked under circumstances
which denoted an intention to take away his life or to do him some
enormous bodily harm, he may lawfully kill the assailant, provided he
use all the means in his power otherwise to save his own life or prevent
the intended harm, such as retreating as far as he can, or disabling
his adversary without killing him, if it be in his power. This
proposition implies that he is measurably in the right. If he is doing
any of these things, which I will give you after awhile, which deprive
him of the law of self-defense because of his own conduct in
precipitating a conflict in which he kills, then he is not in the right.
He is not doing what he had a right to do, and this proposition of the
law of self-defense would not avail him. He could not resort to it,
because his own conduct puts him in an attitude where, in the eye of the
law, he is by his own wrong the creator of the necessity under which he
acts, and he cannot invoke that necessity. The necessity must be one
created by the man slain, and which was not brought into existence by
the direct act of the defendant contributing to that necessity.'
Ben T. Duval and William M. Cravens, for plaintiff in error.
Asst. Atty. Gen. Dickinson, for the United States.
[Page 164 U.S. 546, 554]
Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion of the court.
We think that these portions of the charge (to which the accused duly excepted) were well calculated to mislead the jury. They expressed an erroneous view of the law of self-defense. The duty of the jury was to consider the case in the light of all the facts. The evidence on behalf of the government tended to show that the accused sought a difficulty with some one; that on behalf of the accused would not justify any such conclusion, but rather that he had the reputation of being a peaceable and law-abiding man. But the evidence on both sides was to the effect that the deceased used language of an offensive character for the purpose of provoking a difficulty with the accused, or of subjecting him to the indignity of a personal insult. The offensive words did not, it is true, legally justify the accused in what he did,-the evidence of the government tending to show that 'he kicked at deceased, hitting him lightly on the lower part of the leg'; that on the part of the accused tending to show that he 'kicked at' the deceased, and 'probably struck him lightly.' According to the evidence of the defense, the accused then 'stepped back, and leaned up against the counter'; indicating thereby, it may be, that he neither desired nor intended to pursue the matter further. If the jury believed the evidence on behalf of the defense, they might reasonably have inferred, from the actions of the accused, that he did not intend to make a violent or dangerous personal assault upon the deceased, but only, by kicking at him or kicking him lightly, to express his indignation at the offensive language of the deceased. It should have been submitted to the jury whether the act of the accused, in stepping back and leaning against the counter, not in an attitude for personal conflict, was intended to be, and should have been reasonably [Page 164 U.S. 546, 555] interpreted as being, a withdrawal by the accused in good faith from further controversy with the deceased. On the contrary, the court, in effect, said that if, because of words used by the deceased, the accused kicked at or kicked the deceased, however lightly, and, no matter how offensive those words were, he put himself in a position to make the killing manslaughter, even if the taking of life became, by reason of the suddenness, rapidity, and fierceness of the assault of the deceased, absolutely necessary to save his own. By numerous quotations from adjudged cases, the court, by every form of expression, pressed upon the jury the proposition that 'a person who has slain another cannot urge in justification of the killing a necessity produced by his own unlawful and wrongful acts.' But that abstract principle has no application to this case, if it be true-as the evidence on behalf of the defense tended to show-that the first real provocation came from the deceased when he used towards the accused language of an offensive character, and that the accused, immediately after kicking at or lightly kicking the deceased, signified by his conduct that he no longer desired controversy with his adversary; whereupon the deceased, despite the efforts of the accused to retire from further contest, sprang at the latter, with knife in hand, for the purpose of taking life, and would most probably have accomplished that object, if the accused had not fired at the moment he did. Under such circumstances, did the law require that the accused should stand still, and permit himself to be cut to pieces, under the penalty that, if he met the unlawful attack upon him, and saved his own life, by taking that of his assailant, he would be guilty of manslaughter? We think not.
If a person, under the provocation of offensive language, assaults the speaker personally, but in such a way as to show that there is no intention to do him serious bodily harm, and then retires under such circumstances as show that he does not intend to do anything more, but in good faith withdraws from further contest, his right of self-defense is restored when the person assaulted, in violation of law, pursues him with a deadly weapon, and seeks to take his life, or do him great [Page 164 U.S. 546, 556] bodily harm. In Parker v. State, 88 Ala. 4, 6, 7 South. 98, 99, the court, after adverting to the general rule that the aggressor cannot be heard to urge in his justification a necessity for the killing which was produced by his own wrongful act, said: 'This rule, however, is not of absolute and universal application. An exception to it exists in cases where, although the defendant originally provoked the conflict, he withdraws from it in good faith, and clearly announces his desire for peace. If he be pursued after this, his right of self-defense, though once lost, revives. 'Of course,' says Mr. Wharton, in referring to this modification of the rule, 'there must be a real and bona fide surrender and withdrawal on his part; for, if there be not, then he will continue to be regarded as the aggressor.' 1 Whart. Cr. Law (9th Ed.) 486. The meaning of the principle is that the law will always leave the original aggressor an opportunity to repent before he takes the life of his adversary. Bish. Cr. Law (7th Ed.) 871.' Recognizing this exception to be a just one, the court properly said, in addition: 'Due caution must be observed by courts and juries in its application, as it involves a principle which is very liable to abuse. The question of the good or bad faith of the retreating party is of the utmost importance, and should generally be submitted to the jury, in connection with the fact of retreat itself, especially where there is any room for conflicting inferences on this point from the evidence.' Both parties to a mutual combat are wrongdoers, and the law of self-defense cannot be invoked by either, so long as he continues in the combat. But, as said by the supreme court of Iowa, in State v. Dillon, 74 Iowa, 653, 658, 38 N. W. 525, 528, if one 'actually and in good faith withdraws from the combat, he ceases to be a wrongdoer; and, if his adversary have reasonable ground for holding that he has so withdrawn, it is sufficient, even though the fact is not clearly evinced.' See also, 1 Bish. Cr. Law, 702; People v. Robertson, 67 Cal. 646, 650, 8 Pac. 600, 604; Stoffer's Case, 15 Ohio St. 47. In Whart. Hom. 483, the author says that, 'though the defendant may have thus provoked the conflict, yet, if he withdrew from it in good faith, and clearly announced his [Page 164 U.S. 546, 557] desire for peace, then, if he be pursued, his rights of self-defense revive.'
We do not mean to say that the jury ought to have found that the accused, after kicking the deceased lightly, withdrew in good faith from further contest, and that his conduct should have been so interpreted. It was for the jury to say whether the withdrawal was in good faith, or was a mere device by the accused to obtain some advantage of his adversary. But we are of opinion that, under the circumstances, they might have found that the accused, although in the wrong when he kicked or kicked at the deceased, did not provoke the fierce attack made upon him by the latter, with knife in hand, in any sense that would deprive him altogether of the right of self-defense against such attack. If the accused did, in fact, withdraw from the combat, and intended so to do, and if his conduct should have been reasonably so interpreted by the deceased, then the assault of the latter with a deadly weapon, with the intent to take the life of the accused, or to do him great bodily harm, entitled the latter to the benefit of the principle announced in Beard v. U.S., 158 U.S. 550, 564, 15 S. Sup. Ct. 962, 967, in which case it was said: 'The defendant was where he had a right to be when the deceased advanced upon him in a threatening manner and with a deadly weapon; and, if the accused did not provoke the assault, and had at the time reasonable grounds to believe, and in good faith believed, that the deceased intended to take his life, or to do him great bodily harm, he was not obliged to retreat, nor to consider whether he could safely retreat, but was entitled to stand his ground, and meet any attack made upon him with a deadly weapon, in such a way and with such force as, under all the circumstances, he, at the moment, honestly believed, and had reasonable grounds to believe, was necessary to save his own life, or to protect himself from great bodily injury.'
The charge, as above quoted, is liable to other objections. The court said that both the accused and the deceased had a right to be in the hotel, and that the law of retreat, in a case like that, is different from what it would be if they had been on the outside. Still, the court said that, under the circum- [Page 164 U.S. 546, 558] stances, both parties were under a duty to use all reasonable means to avoid a collision that would lead to a deadly conflict, such as keeping out of the affray, or by not going into it, or 'by stepping to one side'; and if the accused could have saved his life, or protected himself against great bodily harm, by inflicting a less dangerous wound than he did upon his assailant, or 'if he could have paralyzed that arm,' without doing more serious injury, the law commanded him to do so. In other words, according to the theory of the charge, although the deceased sprang at the accused, with knife in hand, for the purpose of cutting him to pieces, yet if the accused could have stepped aside, or paralyzed the arm of his assailant, his killing the latter was not in the exercise of the right of self-defense. The accused was where he had the right to be, and the law did not require him to step aside when his assailant was rapidly advancing upon him with a deadly weapon. The danger in which the accused was, or believed himself to be, at the moment he fired, is to some extent indicated by the fact, proved by the government, that, immediately after he disabled his assailant (who had two knives upon his person), he said that he (the accused) was himself mortally wounded, and wished a physician to be called. The accused was entitled, so far as his right to resist the attack was concerned, to remain where he was, and to do whatever was necessary, or what he had reasonable grounds to believe at the time was necessary, to save his life, or to protect himself from great bodily harm. And, under the circumstances, it was error to make the case depend, in whole or in part, upon the inquiry whether the accused could, by stepping aside, have avoided the attack, or could have so carefully aimed his pistol as to paralyze the arm of his assailant, without more seriously wounding him.
Without referring to other errors alleged to have been committed, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded for a new trial.
REVERSED.
Mr. Justice BROWN and Mr. Justice PECKHAM dissent.
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